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LME NICKEL$15,500/t▲ +0.8%|NPI (CHINA)$13,200/t▼ −0.3%|FERRONICKEL$14,800/t▲ +0.4%|NICKEL SULPHATE$4,850/t▼ −0.6%|LME STOCKS183,000 t▼ Declining|CLASS 1 PREMIUM+$2,300/t▼ Narrowing|NORILSK (MCX)GMKN|NI ATH$101,365Mar 2022|UPDATEDApr 22 2026|LME NICKEL$15,500/t▲ +0.8%|NPI (CHINA)$13,200/t▼ −0.3%|FERRONICKEL$14,800/t▲ +0.4%|NICKEL SULPHATE$4,850/t▼ −0.6%|LME STOCKS183,000 t▼ Declining|CLASS 1 PREMIUM+$2,300/t▼ Narrowing|NORILSK (MCX)GMKN|NI ATH$101,365Mar 2022|UPDATEDApr 22 2026|

Key Takeaways

  • LME nickel is trading at approximately $15,500/t ($7.03/lb) as of April 2026 — down 85% from the March 2022 short squeeze high of $101,365, and down 45% from the pre-squeeze fundamental peak of $28,400/t.
  • Indonesia produces ~55% of global nickel mine supply (2024, USGS) — a 680% increase since 2017, driven by RKEF NPI smelting and now expanding HPAL plants. No other country comes close.
  • Nickel trades as two fundamentally different products: Class 1 (LME-deliverable, ≥99.8% pure — used in EV batteries) and Class 2 (NPI, ferronickel — used in stainless steel). Current Class 1 premium: +$2,300/t.
  • Stainless steel accounts for ~70% of global nickel demand. Battery demand is growing but still only ~9% of total. The LFP shift (LFP batteries contain zero nickel) is reducing battery demand growth below 2021 forecasts.
  • The nickel market is in significant surplus — approximately −250kt in 2024 — driven by Indonesian supply growth outpacing demand. Consensus projects the surplus persisting through 2026–2027, with a potential deficit emerging 2028–2029.
  • At $15,500/t, approximately 23% of global supply (primarily New Caledonia and high-cost operations) is operating below its estimated AISC. New Caledonia's SLN and Koniambo suspended operations in 2024–2025 — the cost curve mechanism in action.

Nickel at a glance — April 2026

$15,500/t

LME Spot

$7.03/lb · LME settlement

$13,200/t

NPI (China)

Class 2 · SMM daily

~70%

Stainless demand

Of total nickel use

~55%

Indonesia share

Global mine production

−250kt

2024 surplus

Supply minus demand

2028–29

Deficit expected

IEA/BNEF consensus

Section A

Nickel Price Today — LME, NPI, Ferronickel & Sulphate

LME nickel is the global Class 1 benchmark. NPI and ferronickel are Class 2 products trading at a discount. Nickel sulphate is the battery-grade chemical. All four prices move independently.

Nickel price chart and nickel price today — per pound, per tonne, per kg

LME nickel is $15,500 per metric tonne as of April 2026, equivalent to $7.03 per pound (lb) and $15.50 per kilogram (kg). The LME official settlement is published daily at approximately 17:00 London time. It is the Class 1 global benchmark price used in contracts worldwide.

The pre-squeeze fundamental peak was $28,400/t in February 2022 — a realistic reference for fair value analysis, unlike the $101,365 March 2022 spike which was a short squeeze, not a supply shortage signal. See price history for the full context.

Why LME nickel and NPI prices diverge

LME nickel (Class 1, ≥99.8% pure) and Chinese NPI (Class 2, 8–12% Ni content in a ferronickel alloy) serve different end markets and have different production costs. LME is produced primarily from sulphide ore at higher AISC; NPI is produced from cheap Indonesian laterite ore via RKEF blast furnaces at $7,000–$9,000/t AISC. The current $2,300/t Class 1 premium reflects the additional refining cost and the battery market's demand for high-purity Class 1 nickel sulphate. When battery demand expectations were highest (2022), this spread reached +$8,000/t.

LME Official Settlement · USD/t · Daily

LME Nickel Spot Price

Current: $15,500/t · ATH $101,365 (Mar 8 2022 — short squeeze) · Pre-squeeze high $28,400 (Feb 2022)

$28k$22k$18k$15kApr'25Jul'25Oct'25Jan'26Apr'26$15,500/t

LME Official Settlement · Daily · USD per tonne · 5-year history

Price summary

LME spot (Apr 2026)$15,500/t
ATH (Mar 8, 2022)$101,365/t
Pre-squeeze peak$28,400/t
Cycle trough$15,090/t
From pre-squeeze peak−45%
From ATH−85%

All nickel grades — April 2026

LME Nickel (Class 1, full plate)$15,500/t
NPI 8–12% Ni (China domestic)$13,200/t
Ferronickel FeNi (LME equiv.)$14,800/t
MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate)$15,100/t
Nickel Sulphate (battery grade)$4,850/t sulphate

SHFE / SMM Daily · China domestic · Class 2

NPI Price — China Domestic (2023–2026)

Nickel pig iron at $13,200/t equiv · Discount to LME: $2,300/t

$18k$15k$13k$11k$13,200/tJan'24Jan'25Apr'26

SMM China domestic · NPI 8–12% Ni grade · USD equiv · Daily

Section B

Class 1 vs Class 2 — The Bifurcated Nickel Market

Nickel trades as two fundamentally different products that cannot substitute for each other in many end uses. Class 1 (LME-deliverable) and Class 2 (NPI, ferronickel) have diverging supply sources and use cases — and their price spread is one of the most important signals in the market.

Why the Class 1/Class 2 distinction matters for investors

The EV battery supply chain requires Class 1 nickel only. NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) and NCA battery cathodes need nickel in sulphate form (NiSO₄), which must be made from Class 1 feedstocks — either refined nickel metal, MHP (mixed hydroxide precipitate from HPAL processing), or mixed sulphide precipitate. Class 2 NPI cannot be chemically converted into battery-grade nickel sulphate economically. This creates a structural demand premium for Class 1 that will persist as long as NMC batteries exist.

The Class 1 premium has compressed from +$8,000/t in 2022 to +$2,300/t today because Indonesian HPAL plants are now producing large volumes of MHP — a Class 1 product — from laterite ore that previously only yielded Class 2 NPI. As Indonesian HPAL capacity ramps further (40+ plants announced), the Class 1 premium may compress further.

MHP: the bridge from Class 2 ore to Class 1 product

MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate) is the key intermediate product from HPAL processing. It contains approximately 35–40% nickel plus cobalt, is Class 1 quality, and can be refined into nickel sulphate for batteries. MHP is the product that makes Indonesian laterite ore battery-relevant — without HPAL, Indonesian laterite can only produce Class 2 NPI or ferronickel. The rapid expansion of Indonesian HPAL capacity is transforming the supply structure of Class 1 nickel from sulphide-dependent to laterite-possible.

Why Class 1 and Class 2 matter

EV batteries require Class 1 nickel (MHP, MSP, or refined nickel sulphate) — Class 2 NPI cannot be used in battery cathode precursors. Stainless steel can use either. As EV battery demand grows, Class 1 nickel commands a structural premium. The current Class 1 premium over NPI is approximately +$2,300/t — a key signal of how much battery manufacturers are willing to pay for the purity upgrade.

$15,500/t

Class 1 (LME)

Full plate, 99.8%+ purity

$13,200/t

Class 2 (NPI equiv)

8–12% Ni grade, China

+$2,300/t

Class 1 premium

Structural battery demand

~30%

Battery demand share

Of Class 1 nickel demand

LME vs NPI equiv · Daily · USD/t difference

Class 1 Premium over Class 2 (NPI)

Current: +$2,300/t · 2022 peak: +$8,000/t · Narrowing as HPAL MHP scales

$0+$8k+$5k+$3k+$2,300/t202220232025

Calculated · LME settlement vs SMM NPI China · USD/t Ni content basis · Daily

Class 1 vs Class 2 — what's the difference

Class 1Class 2
Purity≥99.8% Ni8–15% Ni (NPI), 20–40% (FeNi)
LME deliverable✓ Yes✗ No
EV battery use✓ Direct (sulphate, MHP)✗ Not suitable
Stainless use✓ Yes✓ Yes (primary)
SourcesSulphide mining, HPAL MHPRKEF (blast furnace), FeNi smelters
Key producersNorilsk, Vale, Wyloo, RamuTsingshan (Indonesia), CMOC
Price (Apr 2026)$15,500/t$13,200/t (NPI equiv.)

Fastmarkets · Battery grade · DDP China

MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate) Price — Battery Grade Pathway

HPAL output · Input to nickel sulphate and NMC precursor (pCAM) production · Current: $15,100/t equiv

$22k$19k$17k$15k$12k$15,100/tApr'25Oct'25Apr'26

Fastmarkets · MHP 35% Ni min CIF China · Weekly assessed · Battery cathode precursor input

Section C

LME Nickel Warehouse Stocks & Cancelled Warrants

LME registered inventory is the primary transparent signal of physical supply availability for Class 1 nickel. Unlike copper (which has three major exchange warehouses — LME, COMEX, SHFE), nickel's physical inventory is concentrated on the LME. Cancelled warrants signal metal is being drawn down and leaving the system.

Understanding LME nickel inventory — what the numbers mean

LME warehouse stocks measure nickel that has been delivered against LME contracts and is sitting in registered warehouses. They are a snapshot of available Class 1 supply — not total global inventory, which also includes off-warrant metal in private warehouses, producer stockpiles, and in-transit metal. Current LME stocks of 183,000 tonnes represent approximately 7–8 weeks of global Class 1 nickel consumption.

The stocks peaked at approximately 246,000 tonnes in mid-2023 as the post-short-squeeze settlement resolved and excess refined metal moved onto exchange. They have declined since, consistent with the gradual surplus narrowing trend. The 8-week declining trend is a bullish signal — physical demand is consistently drawing down inventory faster than supply is delivering new metal to warehouses.

Cancelled warrants: the most actionable weekly signal

Cancelled warrants are LME-registered metal that has been flagged for physical delivery and removal from the exchange system. When a buyer wants actual nickel (not just paper exposure), they cancel the warrant. A rising cancelled warrant ratio (currently 15.5% of registered stock) signals that physical consumers are taking delivery — the most direct evidence of real end-user demand. Watch this number weekly. A sustained rise above 20% in conjunction with declining total stocks is historically a strong precursor to LME price moves.

183,000

LME registered (t)

Latest weekly reading

28,400

Cancelled warrants (t)

Awaiting delivery

↓ 8-wk

Inventory trend

Declining for 8 weeks

15.5%

Cancelled %

Of total registered

LME Registered Nickel · Weekly · Tonnes

LME Nickel Warehouse Stocks

Current: 183,000 t · Post-squeeze rebuild peak ~250,000 t (2023) · Now declining

250k t220k t200k t185k t150k tPeak 246k t183k t ↓Apr'25Oct'25Apr'26

LME registered warehouses · Weekly · Tonnes on warrant (excludes off-warrant)

LME Cancelled Warrants · Weekly · Bullish when rising

LME Nickel Cancelled Warrants

Currently: 28,400 t (15.5%) of total · Rising = metal leaving exchange = bullish

50k t35k t20k t0Apr'25 ↔ Apr'26↑ Rising= Bullish

LME · Cancelled warrants = metal ordered for delivery and leaving LME system · Weekly

How to read LME nickel stocks for price direction

Rising LME stocks = supply building up in exchange warehouses = bearish (more metal available than buyers need). Falling LME stocks + rising cancelled warrants simultaneously = physical demand removing metal from the exchange system = bullish. The cancelled warrant ratio (currently 15.5%) and its trend is more informative than absolute stock levels.

Section D

Indonesia: How One Country Took Over Global Nickel Supply

Indonesia's share of global nickel mine production went from ~20% in 2015 to ~55% in 2024. Understanding what drove this surge, and what controls it, is essential to any nickel price view.

The ore export ban: the single policy decision that changed everything

Indonesia's government banned raw laterite nickel ore exports in January 2020 (with a brief earlier ban in 2014 that was reversed). The rationale was industrialisation: force ore processors to build smelters in Indonesia rather than ship ore to China for processing. The result exceeded expectations. Chinese stainless steel companies (led by Tsingshan) poured billions into RKEF (Rotary Kiln Electric Furnace) smelters in Indonesian industrial parks — primarily at Morowali Industrial Park (IMIP) and Weda Bay Industrial Park (IWIP). Indonesia went from exporting ore to exporting processed NPI and ferronickel.

Between 2017 and 2024, Indonesian nickel output grew by 680% — from roughly 230,000 tonnes to 1,800,000 tonnes of Ni content. No other commodity has seen a comparable supply surge from a single country in the same period. This supply surge is the primary reason nickel prices are at $15,500/t rather than the $25,000–$30,000/t that pre-2020 models projected.

RKAB permits: Indonesia's throttle on global nickel supply

RKAB (Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran Biaya) is Indonesia's annual mine work plan and budget approval system. Every nickel mine must have an approved RKAB to operate. The Indonesian government uses RKAB approvals to control total output — if the government restricts approvals, production growth slows or reverses. In 2025, RKAB quotas were tightened below 2024 levels as part of Indonesia's strategy to support downstream processing investment and prevent over-supply from undermining HPAL economics. This is the single most important geopolitical variable for nickel supply. Any change to RKAB policy can move the global nickel market materially within weeks.

The HPAL revolution: Indonesia creating Class 1 from laterite

HPAL (High-Pressure Acid Leach) is the technology that converts limonite laterite ore — previously only usable for Class 2 NPI — into MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate), a Class 1 battery-grade intermediate. Indonesia has approximately 40 HPAL plants announced or under construction, of which ~8 are operating as of 2026. When these plants ramp, Indonesia becomes not just the dominant Class 2 supplier but a major Class 1 supplier — directly into EV battery supply chains. This transformation is why Chinese battery companies (CATL, Huayou, GEM) have made major investments in Indonesian HPAL projects.

~55%

Indonesia's global share

Mine production 2024 (USGS)

~1.8 Mt

Indonesia production

Ni content 2024E

2020

Ore export ban

Forced domestic processing

40+

HPAL plants

Announced/under construction

USGS · Indonesian Mining Ministry · Annual

Indonesia Nickel Mine Production 2015–2024 (kt Ni)

The supply surge that reshaped the global nickel market · 2020 ore export ban drove downstream investment

1,800kt1,200kt700kt200ktOre ban'15'16'17'18'19'20'21'22'23'24E+680% since 2017

USGS MCS 2025 · Indonesian MEMR data · Annual update February

Indonesia's nickel supply chain

StageProductKey Players
Mine (laterite)Limonite & saprolite oreVale Indonesia, AMMAN, Harita, many small miners
RKEF smeltingNPI 8–12% NiTsingshan, IMIP (Morowali), IWIP, Weda Bay
HPAL processingMHP (35%+ Ni+Co)Huafei, HPAL Pomalaa, Ramu (PNG model), QMB
Sulphate refiningNickel sulphate (battery)Huayou, CATL supply chain, GEM
Battery cathodepCAM/CAM (NMC)BASF, Umicore, Huayou, CNGR

RKAB permitting

Indonesia controls mine output via annual RKAB (Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran Biaya) work plans. If Indonesia restricts RKAB approvals, supply growth stalls. This is the single most important political variable in nickel.

Indonesian HPAL plants · MHP output · kt Ni content · Annual

Indonesia HPAL MHP Production — Battery-Grade Nickel Emerging

HPAL converts limonite ore into MHP — the battery pathway. ~40 plants announced/under construction; ~8 operating as of 2026

500kt350kt200kt50ktForecast →202120222023202420252026E2027E2028E2029E2030E

Benchmark Mineral Intelligence HPAL tracker · Indonesian MEMR · Annual · Solid=actual, light=forecast

Section E

Nickel Supply by Country — Production Data

Global nickel mine production in 2024: Indonesia ~55%, Philippines ~9%, Russia ~7%, New Caledonia ~4%, Australia ~4%, Canada ~3%, Other ~18%. The concentration of supply in Indonesia dwarfs all other producing countries.

Russia (Norilsk Nickel): world's largest Class 1 producer

Norilsk Nickel (Nornickel, MCX: GMKN) in Russia is the world's largest producer of Class 1 refined nickel, producing approximately 200,000 tonnes of refined nickel per year from its sulphide operations in the Norilsk and Kola regions of northern Russia. Russian nickel has continued to trade globally despite 2022 sanctions — the US and EU sanctions specifically excluded nickel (and aluminium) from primary commodity restrictions. However, several Western stainless and battery companies have reduced Russian nickel purchases voluntarily, creating a price discount for Russian-origin metal on some exchanges. Russia also produces approximately 40% of global palladium — relevant context for platinum group metals investors.

Philippines: the 2nd largest producer with a different risk profile

The Philippines produces approximately 350,000 tonnes Ni content annually, primarily from laterite ore exported directly to China for NPI processing. Unlike Indonesia, the Philippines has not banned ore exports — making it the last major laterite ore export market. This creates a different risk profile: Philippines production is more exposed to Chinese NPI economics and Chinese demand, without Indonesia's downstream processing investment. The Philippines' Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) periodically reviews mining permits and environmental compliance — a source of policy risk. Several mines have been suspended on environmental grounds in previous years.

New Caledonia: high-cost operations in crisis

New Caledonia (a French territory) has historically been a significant nickel producer, but its operations have AISC of $14,000–$20,000/t — well above current prices for most operations. By 2025, three major operations (SLN/Société Le Nickel, Koniambo Nickel SAS, and Prony Resources) had suspended or reduced operations. Political unrest in 2024 (independence-related violence and mine blockades) compounded the economic pressure. The closures removed approximately 120–150kt of annual supply — the largest single country-level supply reduction of the current price cycle. New Caledonia's production is unlikely to return at scale unless LME prices recover sustainably above $18,000/t.

USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 · Annual

Global Nickel Mine Production by Country (2024)

Tonnes Ni content · Indonesia dominates at 55% · Annual data updated February

Indonesia1,800kt (55%)Philippines350kt (9%)Russia260kt (7%)New Caledonia148ktAustralia148ktCanada110ktChina92ktOther~700kt (18%)World total: ~3,258kt Ni content (2024E)

USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 · Tonnes Ni metal content · Annual February update

Production by country (2024E)

Countrykt Ni% WorldOre Type
Indonesia~1,80055%Laterite (RKEF NPI + HPAL)
Philippines~3509%Laterite (ore export)
Russia~2607%Sulphide (Norilsk, Pechenga)
New Caledonia~1484%Laterite (FeNi, NPI)
Australia~1484%Sulphide + laterite
Canada~1103%Sulphide (Thompson, Voisey's Bay)
China~922%Sulphide (Xinjiang)
Papua New Guinea~401%Laterite (HPAL — Ramu)
Brazil~351%Sulphide + laterite
Other~2758%Mixed

USGS annual series · kt Ni content · 2019–2024

Global Nickel Mine Production by Country — 5-Year Trend

Indonesia's surge vs rest-of-world relative stagnation is the defining supply story of the past decade

3,500kt2,500kt1,500kt500kt201920202021202220232024EIndonesiaPhilippinesRussiaOther

USGS MCS annual series 2020–2025 · kt Ni content · Annual February update

Section F

Nickel Project Pipeline — Supply Coming Online Through 2030

From our proprietary database of 1,044 nickel assets across 66 companies and 20+ countries. The pipeline determines whether Indonesian supply growth continues or new sulphide mines offset any Indonesian slowdown.

Why sulphide pipeline matters more than its tonnage suggests

Sulphide deposits produce Class 1 nickel directly — critical for battery supply chains. Laterite deposits (which dominate by tonnage) mostly produce Class 2 NPI unless processed via HPAL. The global sulphide development pipeline is concentrated in Canada (Crawford Ni-Co, Tamarack, Shakespeare), Australia (various WA deposits), and the US (Talon Metals' Tamarack in Minnesota). Canada holds the largest sulphide development pipeline globally, with projects like Canada Nickel's Crawford (estimated 1.07 billion lb Ni M+I resources) and FPX Nickel's Baptiste awaruite deposit. However, at current prices, most sulphide projects are uneconomic — AISC of $12,000–$18,000/t vs LME $15,500 leaves thin or no margin after capex recovery.

Care and Maintenance: stranded supply that won't come back soon

Ten assets in our database are on care and maintenance (C&M) — shut down but not permanently closed. Most are high-cost sulphide operations (notably in Canada and Australia) that are uneconomic below $17,000–$20,000/t. C&M assets represent approximately 150–200kt of potential supply that would return in a price recovery — but they require 18–36 months of commissioning before first production, limiting their ability to respond quickly to price signals.

Key projects to watch in 2026–2030

The most significant development-stage projects by potential scale: Crawford Nickel-Cobalt Project (Canada Nickel Company, CNC:TSX.V, Ontario) — 1.07 billion lb Ni M+I resource, DFS underway, targeting ~40kt/yr Ni production. Baptiste Awaruite (FPX Nickel, BC) — 3.9 billion lb Ni, unique awaruite ore type requiring no acid or pressure, lower environmental footprint. Tamarack (Talon Metals, MN) — high-grade Ni-Cu-Co sulphide, 51% JV with Rio Tinto, first US primary nickel mine in decades if developed. Dumont Nickel-Cobalt (Waterton/Karora, QC) — large-scale sulphide, stalled at current prices. Each of these requires LME nickel sustained above $20,000–$22,000/t to attract the financing needed for construction. At $15,500/t, all are in active wait-and-see mode.

1,044

Total assets tracked

Mines, projects, facilities

27

Operating

Producing mines & plants

27

Development

FID taken or near-FID

10

Care & Maintenance

Shut down at current prices

goldandsilvertracker.com database · 1,044 assets · Quarterly update

Nickel Pipeline by Status & Ore Type

Sulphide vs laterite distinction critical — sulphide produces Class 1, laterite mostly Class 2

2,000kt1,300kt700kt100ktOperatingDevelopmentExplorationC&MLateriteSulphideMixed

goldandsilvertracker.com internal database · 1,044 assets · Quarterly refresh

Pipeline by region

RegionOperatingDevelopmentExplore
Indonesia~2,200kt~400kt~200kt
Canada~110kt~500kt~1,000kt
Australia~148kt~200kt~450kt
Russia~260kt~50kt~80kt
Philippines~350kt~80kt~120kt
USA~5kt~80kt~250kt
Europe~20kt~40kt~100kt
Other~250kt~150kt~400kt

All values kt Ni content nameplate capacity. Quarterly database refresh.

Section G

Stainless Steel Demand — Still 70% of Global Nickel Use

Despite the EV narrative, stainless steel remains by far the largest end use for nickel at approximately 70% of total demand. Understanding stainless demand (primarily driven by Chinese output) is essential to the overall nickel price view.

China's 300-series vs 200-series stainless shift: the nickel intensity problem

Stainless steel comes in several grades. 300-series stainless (304, 316) contains 8–14% nickel and is the most common grade for food equipment, medical, and chemical applications. 200-series stainless contains only 1–5% nickel, substituting manganese for nickel to reduce cost. China has been gradually increasing 200-series production share — a structural drag on nickel demand per tonne of stainless produced. This substitution effect means that even if Chinese stainless output grows at 3–4% annually, nickel demand from stainless may grow at only 1–2% due to the declining nickel intensity.

Duplex stainless and the other grades

Duplex stainless steel (2205, 2507) uses 4–7% nickel but significantly more chromium and molybdenum. Its share is growing in oil and gas and marine applications due to superior corrosion resistance. Duplex is less nickel-intensive per tonne than 300-series but commands a higher price — the economics are different from commodity stainless. For nickel demand modelling, the share shift between 300-series, 200-series, and duplex is a material variable that most simple forecasts undermodel.

Beyond stainless steel, nickel has two other significant industrial uses. Nickel superalloy components — including turbine blades, combustion chambers, and exhaust systems — are indispensable in jet engines and industrial gas turbines because nickel superalloys retain strength at temperatures exceeding 1,000°C. No other material performs equivalently in these applications. Nickel electroplating (depositing a thin nickel layer onto metal surfaces for corrosion resistance) is used throughout automotive manufacturing, electronics connectors, and bathroom fixtures. Together these applications account for approximately 21% of nickel demand.

Chinese stainless production and its link to nickel price

China produces approximately 32 million tonnes of stainless steel per year — roughly 60% of global output. Chinese stainless production runs largely on NPI (approximately 70% of Chinese SS nickel input is NPI rather than refined LME nickel). This means the direct LME nickel price has a weaker link to Chinese stainless demand than it does to battery demand. When Chinese stainless output is weak (construction slowdown, export restrictions), Chinese NPI demand falls — which lowers NPI price, which narrows the Class 1 premium, which puts indirect downward pressure on LME nickel.

~70%

Stainless share

Of total nickel demand

~60%

China share of SS

China dominates global production

~3.2 Mt

Annual stainless demand

kt Ni content 2025E

+3.5%

SS demand growth

2025E YoY (IEA)

IEA · World Stainless Steel Association · Annual

Nickel Demand by End Use 2018–2026E

Stainless still dominant · Battery share rising but still <10% of total · Alloys, plating, other ~20%

100%75%50%25%20182020202220242025EStainless ~70%Battery ↑AlloysStainless steelBattery (EV)Alloys/platingOther

IEA Critical Minerals Outlook · World Stainless Steel Association · Annual

Stainless steel demand context

Driver2025 trend
Global SS production growth+3.5% YoY · China leading
China SS output~32Mt (60% of world) · Stable
NPI use in SS~70% of China SS Ni input is NPI
300 series SS (most Ni-intensive)~25% of SS production
200 series SS (lower Ni)Growing share in China — bearish Ni intensity
Substitution risk200 series and duplex SS use less Ni — structural drag on demand/tonne of SS

Section H

Battery Demand — EV Nickel and the LFP Headwind

Battery demand is the fastest-growing segment of nickel consumption but faces a structural headwind: LFP (lithium iron phosphate) batteries use no nickel. As LFP's share of EV production rises (~65% in 2024), the nickel-per-EV intensity is declining rapidly.

How nickel enters EV batteries — the NMC supply chain

In NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) batteries, nickel is the primary active cathode material. NMC 811 (80% Ni, 10% Mn, 10% Co) is the highest-nickel cathode currently in commercial production, used in premium long-range EVs. The supply chain: Class 1 nickel (refined or MHP) → nickel sulphate (NiSO₄) → pCAM (precursor cathode active material) → CAM (cathode active material) → battery cell. Each processing step requires Class 1 purity — NPI cannot enter this chain.

At $15,500/t LME nickel, a 75kWh NMC 622 mid-range EV contains approximately $434 of nickel raw material. At the 2022 peak ($28,400/t), the same car contained $796 of nickel — contributing to the margin squeeze that drove automakers toward LFP architectures.

The LFP headwind: structural, not cyclical

LFP's 65% market share is not a temporary technology choice — it reflects a fundamental cost-performance realisation. CATL's cell-to-pack technology has narrowed the energy density gap between LFP and NMC to within 15–20%. For the largest segment of the EV market (urban commuting vehicles, commercial EVs, buses), LFP is now the dominant choice on every metric: cost, safety, cycle life, and increasingly energy density. The only segment where NMC retains a clear advantage is ultra-long-range premium vehicles — where the range per kilogram still favours high-nickel NMC 811 or NCA.

The implication: original 2021 battery demand models assumed nickel demand growing 10–15× by 2030. LFP-adjusted models show 4–6× growth from a smaller base. Both are still significant demand growth — but the timing of when battery demand becomes a dominant factor in nickel pricing has been pushed back by 2–3 years.

The LFP problem for nickel bulls

In 2020, most EV demand models assumed NMC (high-nickel) would dominate EV batteries, driving massive Class 1 nickel demand. That narrative has been substantially displaced. LFP now represents ~65% of new EV battery production. An EV with a 60kWh LFP battery contains zero nickel. Only NMC and NCA batteries drive nickel demand. If LFP's share continues rising toward 70–75%, battery demand growth for nickel will be significantly slower than 2021-era forecasts.

~9%

Battery share of Ni demand

2025E (up from 2% in 2018)

~65%

LFP share of new EVs

Zero nickel content

~35%

NMC/NCA share

Nickel-containing batteries

~40kg

Ni per NMC 811 EV

75kWh pack, 0.53kg Ni/kWh

IEA Global EV Outlook · BloombergNEF · Annual

Nickel Demand from EV Batteries 2018–2030E

Actual + forecast · LFP-adjusted model vs original high-nickel forecast · kt Ni content

800kt600kt400kt200kt2021 forecastLFP-adj2024201820222026E2030E

IEA · BNEF · LFP-adjusted model shows ~35% lower Ni demand vs 2021 consensus forecast · Annual

Nickel content per EV by battery type

Battery typekg Ni/EVNi cost at $15.5k/t
LFP (budget/standard EV)0 kg$0 — no nickel
NMC 622 (mid-range)~28 kg$434
NMC 811 (long-range)~40 kg$620
NCA (Tesla style)~45 kg$698
NMC 90 (ultra high-Ni)~55 kg$853

As LFP share rises toward 70%, the weighted average nickel content per EV is declining toward 15–18 kg — significantly below 2021 model assumptions of 35+ kg/EV.

Nickel vs copper as electrification investments

Both are electrification metals. Copper has three major exchange warehouses with daily price transparency; nickel is LME-concentrated. Copper deficit is near-term; nickel deficit arrives 2028–2029. Copper offers better near-term risk/reward; nickel offers larger upside from a deeper trough. See our Copper data page.

Section — Outlook

Nickel Price Forecast 2026–2028 — What Analysts Expect

The nickel price consensus reflects a market in surplus that is slowly normalising. The recovery is slower than most 2022-era forecasts projected — but the structural demand case remains intact for the medium term.

Consensus price forecasts by institution

Institution2026E avg2027E avg2028E avgKey assumption
IEA Critical Minerals Outlook$15,000–$17,000/t$16,000–$20,000/t$18,000–$24,000/tSurplus narrows to deficit 2028–2029; Indonesian RKAB tightens
BloombergNEF$14,500–$16,500/t$15,500–$19,000/t$17,000–$22,000/tLFP headwind partly offset by solid-state NMC growth
Benchmark Min. Intelligence$15,000–$17,500/t$16,500–$21,000/t$19,000–$26,000/tNew Caledonia permanent closures remove 120kt supply
Wood Mackenzie$14,000–$16,000/t$15,000–$18,000/t$16,000–$20,000/tConservative — Indonesian growth persists longer

The bull, base, and bear scenarios

🟢 BULL$20,000–$26,000/t by 2028

Indonesia tightens RKAB meaningfully. New Caledonia does not restart. NMC regains share in premium EV segment. HPAL ramp slower than planned. Deficit arrives 2026 H2. Incentive price for new sulphide = $22,000–$26,000/t.

🔵 BASE$16,000–$20,000/t by 2028

Surplus narrows gradually 2026–2027. Deficit starts 2028. LFP holds ~65% share. Indonesian HPAL ramps steadily. Recovery is slow grind, not spike. Base case of 3 of 4 major institutions.

🔴 BEAR$12,000–$15,000/t range-bound

Indonesia does not restrict RKAB. HPAL ramp exceeds expectations, adding Class 1 supply faster than battery demand absorbs it. LFP continues displacing NMC. Surplus persists 2026–2030. Price range-bound near current levels.

The incentive price as the long-run anchor

The incentive price — the LME level needed to attract capital into new greenfield sulphide nickel development — is generally estimated at $22,000–$28,000/t. This is significantly above current prices. No rational company will invest $3–5 billion in a new Canadian sulphide mine at $15,500/t. As the market moves from surplus toward deficit, prices need to approach this level to incentivise the supply that will be needed in the 2030s when battery demand becomes a much larger share of total demand. The current price is therefore structurally unsustainable in a decade-long demand growth scenario — the question is timing of recovery, not direction.

Key levels to watch

$15,090/t — cycle trough support. $18,000/t — approximate New Caledonia restart threshold. $22,000–$28,000/t — greenfield sulphide incentive price range. A sustained break above $18,000 would signal the recovery phase has begun in earnest.

Section I

Nickel Supply vs Demand Balance — Deep Surplus, Long Road to Deficit

The nickel market is in significant surplus driven by Indonesian supply growth outpacing demand growth. Most institutional forecasts project the surplus persisting through 2026–2027, with a potential deficit only emerging in 2028–2030 in optimistic scenarios.

Why the nickel surplus is deeper and longer than lithium's

The nickel oversupply has two compounding causes that distinguish it from the lithium cycle. First, Indonesian RKEF NPI production has extremely low AISC ($7,000–$9,000/t) — meaning operations remain profitable even at current prices and have no economic incentive to curtail. The self-correction mechanism that exists in lithium (where lepidolite is loss-making at $11,000/t) is much weaker in nickel because the dominant marginal producer (Indonesian RKEF) is still comfortably profitable. Second, demand growth from batteries — the principal growth driver — has been partially displaced by LFP, reducing the speed at which EV demand absorbs the surplus.

The 2024 deficit estimate of −250kt Ni represents approximately 8% of total demand — a significant imbalance that takes 2–3 years to unwind even with zero supply growth. With Indonesian supply still growing, the unwinding will take longer.

What could accelerate the deficit arrival

Three scenarios would advance the consensus 2028–2029 deficit timeline: (1) Indonesian RKAB restrictions tighten materially — if the government limits new permits to protect HPAL economics (HPAL needs higher prices than RKEF), the supply growth rate could halve; (2) NMC market share recovers — if solid-state batteries or ultra-long-range EVs drive NMC 811 adoption faster than expected, nickel demand accelerates; (3) New Caledonia permanent closures — the ongoing crisis removes a further 50–100kt of supply permanently if operations do not restart. Any combination of these three would shift the consensus deficit date forward by 12–18 months.

IEA · BNEF · BMI · Wood Mackenzie · Consensus · Annual

Nickel Supply vs Demand Balance 2020–2030E

Surplus = red bars below zero · Deficit = green bars above zero · kt Ni content

0+100kt+50kt−100kt−200kt↑ Deficit↓ SurplusPeak surplus202020212022202320242025E2026E2027E2028E2029E2030E

IEA Critical Minerals Outlook · BNEF · Benchmark Mineral Intelligence · Annual consensus · E = estimate/forecast

Institution2025E balance2026E balanceSurplus end2027 price outlook
IEA Critical Minerals−180kt (surplus)−120kt (surplus)2028–2029$16,000–$20,000/t
BloombergNEF−160kt (surplus)−90kt (surplus)2028$15,000–$18,000/t
Benchmark Min. Intelligence−200kt (surplus)−130kt (surplus)2028–2030$16,000–$22,000/t
Wood Mackenzie−220kt (surplus)−150kt (surplus)2029$14,000–$17,000/t

Section — Companies

Major Nickel Producers — Norilsk, Vale, Tsingshan & Beyond

Six companies dominate global nickel supply. Understanding their cost positions, product types, and strategic postures explains much of the nickel market's structure and price dynamics.

CompanyExchangeAnnual outputProduct typeAISC est.Key notes
Nornickel (Norilsk Nickel)MCX: GMKN~200kt Ni refinedClass 1 refined, PGMs, copper, cobalt~$8,000–$11,000/tWorld's largest Class 1 producer. Russian-listed — sanctions risk for Western investors. Also world's largest palladium/platinum producer. Operations in Norilsk and Kola Peninsula.
Vale (Vale Base Metals)NYSE: VALE / B3~160kt Ni refinedClass 1 refined, MHP, intermediates~$9,000–$13,000/tBrazilian miner with nickel operations in Canada (Sudbury, Thompson, Voisey's Bay), Indonesia (PT Vale HPAL), and New Caledonia (partial). Spun off Base Metals division. US-accessible via NYSE ADR.
Tsingshan HoldingPrivate (Chinese)~350kt+ NPIClass 2 NPI primarily; expanding into HPAL MHP~$7,000–$8,500/tWorld's largest nickel producer by volume. Built Indonesia's IMIP industrial park. Caused the March 2022 LME short squeeze. Not publicly listed — no direct equity access.
GlencoreLSE: GLEN~100kt Ni refinedClass 1 refined (Sudbury, Murrin Murrin)~$10,000–$15,000/tDiversified miner with nickel as ~5% of revenue. Sudbury (Ontario) sulphide operations + Murrin Murrin HPAL (WA). Balance sheet and diversification reduce nickel price sensitivity vs pure-plays.
BHPASX/LSE/NYSE: BHP~80kt NiClass 1 (Nickel West, WA) + MHP~$10,000–$16,000/tNickel West in WA is fully integrated — mining to refinery to nickel sulphate for batteries. BHP has flagged Nickel West as under review at current prices. Nickel is <3% of BHP revenue.
PT Vale IndonesiaIDX: INCO~75kt FeNiClass 2 ferronickel (converting to HPAL)~$10,000–$14,000/tVale's Indonesian JV. Converting from ferronickel to HPAL MHP with Huayou partnership. Beneficiary of Indonesia's ore ban — processes local ore. Listed on Jakarta exchange.

For US equity investors, Vale Nickel (NYSE: VALE) is the most liquid access point to Class 1 nickel production. Vale's nickel division operates the Sudbury Complex (Ontario), Thompson (Manitoba), Voisey's Bay (Labrador), and PTVI (Indonesia). The company trades at a discount to its copper peers partly because nickel is a drag on margins at current prices — which is also why it offers the most upside in a nickel recovery.

The March 2022 short squeeze: what happened and why it matters

On March 7–8 2022, LME nickel prices spiked from approximately $29,000/t to $101,365/t in under 24 hours. The cause: Tsingshan Holdings had built an enormous short position on the LME (estimated 150,000–200,000 tonnes) as a hedge against its Indonesian production. When nickel prices rose sharply (initially on Russia-Ukraine supply concern), Tsingshan faced catastrophic margin calls. Its counterparties — primarily Western banks — pressed for settlement. The price spiral reflected forced covering, not physical supply shortage.

The LME's response was controversial: it halted the market and cancelled approximately $3.9 billion in trades executed during the spike. Multiple hedge funds (including AQR, Clifford Asness) publicly criticised the decision as a betrayal of market integrity — their valid long positions were cancelled after execution. The FCA (UK Financial Conduct Authority) conducted an investigation. The episode triggered multiple lawsuits against the LME. LME nickel volumes and open interest have not fully recovered to pre-squeeze levels, as institutional trust in the contract was damaged.

For investors, the lesson: the LME nickel contract is susceptible to position-concentration risk in ways that copper (which has three major exchange warehouses and a larger physical market) is not. The $101,365 price is not a fundamental reference — the pre-squeeze $28,400 and the cost structure analysis are more useful for fair-value thinking.

Why $101,365 is not a price reference

The March 2022 spike was a short squeeze — a financial event, not a supply signal. Analysing nickel fair value from the $101k ATH is misleading. The analytically relevant peak is the $28,400 pre-squeeze fundamental high (February 2022), which reflected genuine supply tightness before the financial distortion. Current prices of $15,500/t represent a 45% decline from that genuine fundamental peak.

Section J

Nickel Price History — Including the $101,365 Short Squeeze

Nickel has the most dramatic price spike in recent commodity history. Understanding the March 2022 short squeeze — and why it happened — is essential context for any nickel price analysis.

Reading the price history chart correctly

The 2010–2026 price line on this page deliberately excludes the $101,365 intraday spike from the default view. Including it would compress all other price variation into a flat line at the bottom of the chart — making the chart useless for understanding actual market cycles. The pre-squeeze fundamental peak of $28,400/t in February 2022 is the more useful reference for what EV demand expectations were worth in market pricing before the squeeze distorted the signal. Use the "Including squeeze" tab to see the full event with explanation.

The three nickel cycles since 2010

Cycle 1 (2010–2016): A slow decline from post-GFC highs (~$24,000) to a trough of ~$7,500 in 2016, driven by a supply surplus from Indonesian and Philippine ore exports flooding into Chinese NPI production. Cycle 2 (2016–2020): A recovery from the trough, with the 2019 Indonesia ore export ban announcement adding a temporary spike to ~$18,500. Cycle 3 (2020–present): The EV demand narrative drove prices from $13,000 to the pre-squeeze peak of $28,400, then the short squeeze distorted the signal, followed by a supply-driven crash as Indonesian RKEF capacity overwhelmed demand growth. Each cycle has been characterised by a different marginal supply source surprising consensus models.

LME Official Settlement · Monthly average · 2010–2026

LME Nickel Price History — Monthly Average (2010–2026)

The $101,365/t spike (Mar 8, 2022) is NOT shown on this chart — it was a short squeeze, not a fundamental price. Pre-squeeze high $28,400 shown.

$28k$22k$16k$12k$8k$7,500 (2016) '22: $101k Mar$15,500 today2010201420182021202220242026

LME official settlement · Monthly averages · 2010–2026 · Note: $101k spike excluded — see "including squeeze" tab

YearLME avg (approx)Key driver
2010–2011$20,000–$24,000/tPost-GFC recovery, Chinese stainless demand surge. Nickel near cycle peak.
2012–2015$13,000–$18,000/tSupply surplus as Indonesian ore (pre-ban) floods market. Price declines steadily.
2016~$9,800/tCycle trough. Indonesian ore ban briefly imposed then lifted, causing disruption.
2017–2018$9,000–$13,500/tRecovery begins. EV narrative starts driving forward expectations.
2019~$14,000/tIndonesia announces permanent ore export ban from Jan 2020. Pre-emptive price move.
2020~$13,700/tCOVID initial dip then recovery. Indonesia ore ban implemented. Chinese NPI surges.
2021~$18,500/tEV demand narrative peak. Nickel rising with broader commodity supercycle.
Feb 2022~$24,000/tPre-squeeze fundamental peak. Tsingshan's short position known to be massive.
Mar 8, 2022$101,365/t (intraday)Short squeeze. LME cancels $3.9B in trades. Market halted 8 days. Event unique in commodity history.
2022 (post)~$22,000/t avgPost-squeeze normalisation. Indonesian NPI supply surge begins accelerating.
2023~$21,500/tIndonesian RKEF and HPAL supply accelerates. Surplus becomes apparent. Price drifts lower.
2024~$16,500/tSurplus confirmed. LFP share of EVs reducing nickel demand growth expectations.
2025~$15,800/tSurplus persists but narrows. Some Indonesian RKAB restrictions limit growth rate.
2026 YTD~$15,500/tRange-bound. Market watching Indonesian RKAB, LME stock levels, China SS demand.

Section K

Nickel Price Driver Dashboard

Five variables explain the majority of near-term nickel price moves. The signal dashboard below shows current readings. Green = bullish for nickel price; amber = neutral; red = bearish.

SignalDirectionLive readingUpdateSource
Indonesia RKAB permits
Restrictive
2025 RKAB quotas below 2024 levels — Indonesian government limiting new mine approvals to support domestic processing investment. Marginally bullish.QuarterlyIndonesian Ministry of Energy (MEMR)
LME warehouse stocks trend
Bullish ↓
183,000 t — Declining from 246k peak. 8-week declining trend. Physical demand drawing down inventory.Weekly (Fri)LME official data
Cancelled warrants ratio
Rising ↑
15.5% of registered warrants cancelled — Rising = metal leaving exchange system = demand taking physical delivery. Bullish signal.WeeklyLME official data
Chinese NPI production (monthly)
Bearish ↑
~44,000 t Ni content/month — Still at elevated levels despite price pressure. Chinese NPI stays higher than market expected at $15,500.Monthly (~20th)SMM monthly survey
China stainless steel output
Neutral →
+2.8% YoY Q1 2026 — Growth but below the rate needed to absorb Indonesian supply increases.MonthlyCISA (China Iron & Steel Association)
LFP vs NMC battery share
Bearish (LFP rising)
LFP ~65% of new EV batteries — Every percentage point LFP gains vs NMC reduces nickel demand growth from EVs.MonthlyCAAM / SNE Research

SMM Monthly Survey · China NPI Production

Chinese NPI Monthly Output — kt Ni Content

Current: ~44,000 t/month · Key supply signal — rising NPI = bearish for Class 1 price

55kt48kt42kt36kt~44k t/monthApr'24 ↔ Apr'26

SMM · Chinese NPI producers survey · kt Ni content · Monthly ~20th of month

⚠ The March 2022 Short Squeeze — Context

On March 8, 2022, LME nickel hit $101,365/t intraday — not because of supply shortage, but because Tsingshan Holdings (Indonesia's largest nickel producer) held an estimated 150,000+ tonne short position on the LME. As nickel rose from geopolitical concerns (Russia sanctions), Tsingshan faced margin calls and a catastrophic short squeeze.

The LME controversially halted trading and cancelled ~$3.9B in executed trades — a decision that damaged the exchange's credibility. Several hedge funds lost money on valid long positions that were cancelled. The episode prompted multiple lawsuits and an FCA review.

Market integrity risk

The squeeze revealed that a single company could accumulate a position large enough to destabilise the LME nickel market. Tsingshan's Indonesian production gives it both physical supply and the ability to short the contract, creating potential for repeated positioning risk.

Section L

Nickel Cost Curve — Production Costs by Ore Type & Processing Route

The nickel cost curve has three fundamentally different ore types and three processing routes, each with very different cost structures. Understanding where the marginal producer sits determines the floor price for nickel.

Why Indonesian RKEF NPI makes nickel floors different from lithium

In lithium, the marginal cost producer is Chinese lepidolite at ~$10,500–$11,000/t AISC — and with the LCE spot at $11,000, 30% of supply is already underwater. The self-correction mechanism is active. In nickel, the cheapest major supply source (Indonesian RKEF NPI) has AISC of only $7,000–$9,000/t — well below LME spot at $15,500. This means there is no Indonesian-level self-correction occurring. The surplus is not eroding because the dominant supply source is still profitable. The cost curve does not provide a floor near current prices — the floor is significantly lower if Indonesian production continues growing.

The ~23% below-cost figure — what it actually means

At $15,500/t LME, approximately 23% of global nickel supply is estimated to be operating below AISC — primarily New Caledonia laterite operations and some high-cost Canadian sulphide mines. New Caledonia nickel operations have already moved to care and maintenance. The Canadian sulphide operations are sustaining on the basis of future price recovery and sunk capital. This 23% is the supply overhang being removed — but it is small relative to the Indonesian supply growing at 5–10% annually on the other side of the ledger. The cost curve shows a floor at ~$7,000–$9,000/t (Indonesian RKEF cash cost) — significantly below current prices.

CRU Group Nickel Cost Service · Quarterly · AISC by ore type and route

Global Nickel Supply Cost Curve — AISC by Source Type (2025E)

X = cumulative capacity (% of world) · Y = AISC USD/t Ni · Current LME spot shown as dashed line

$30k$24k$18k$12k$6kRKEF NPI 45%RussiaPHLAUSHPALNwCalCANHigh cost / dormant(New Caledonia, various)LME $15,500/t →~23% below cost0%45%100%Cumulative supply capacity

CRU Group Nickel Cost Service · Quarterly · AISC = all-in sustaining cost · Spot price line updates daily from LME

Ore type / routeCash cost (2025E)AISC (2025E)~% of supplyvs LME $15,500/t
Indonesia RKEF NPI (laterite)$4,000–$7,000/t$7,000–$9,000/t~45%Well profitable
Russia sulphide (Norilsk Nickel)$5,000–$8,000/t$8,000–$12,000/t~7%Profitable
Philippines laterite (ore export)$5,000–$8,000/t$8,500–$11,000/t~9%Profitable
Australia sulphide$7,000–$11,000/t$9,000–$14,000/t~4%Mostly profitable
Indonesia HPAL (laterite)$8,000–$12,000/t$10,000–$15,000/t~5%Marginal
New Caledonia laterite$12,000–$18,000/t$14,000–$20,000/t~4%Loss-making
Canada sulphide$9,000–$14,000/t$12,000–$18,000/t~3%Mostly loss-making
High cost / C&M / dormant$14,000–$25,000/t$18,000–$28,000/t~23%Deeply loss-making

The New Caledonia crisis: cost curve in action

New Caledonia's nickel industry has been in crisis since 2024. With AISC of $14,000–$20,000/t against an LME price of $15,500, three major smelters (SLN, Koniambo, Prony Resources) suspended or closed operations by early 2025, collectively removing ~120–150kt of annual nickel supply from the market. This is the cost curve mechanism working: when prices fall below AISC, high-cost operations close. The closures are structurally bullish — they remove supply that cannot return without a significant price recovery.

Section M

Nickel Unit Conversion & Value Calculator

Convert between LME price and common unit bases, or calculate the nickel content and value of a given quantity of ore, concentrate, or product.

Price Converter

Converted price

LME $15,500/t = $7.03/lb

$7.03

per lb

Ore Value Calculator

Recoverable nickel value

At LME $15,500/t · 1.5% grade · 85% recovery

$197,625

12.75 t Ni recovered

Quick reference conversions at $15,500/t LME

UnitValue at $15,500/tConversion factor
1 tonne Ni metal$15,500Base unit (LME)
1 lb (pound) Ni$7.03÷ 2,204.6 lb/t
1 kg Ni$15.50÷ 1,000 kg/t
1 troy ounce Ni$0.482÷ 32,150.75 toz/t
1% Ni in 1t ore (100% recovery)$1551% of $15,500
NPI 10% Ni, 1t product$1,55010% × $15,500
MHP 35% Ni, 1t product$5,42535% × $15,500
Nickel Sulphate (NiSO₄·6H₂O)~$4,850/t product22.3% Ni content × $15,500 × factor

FAQ

Nickel Market FAQ

LME nickel is trading at approximately $15,500/t ($7.03/lb) as of April 2026. Chinese NPI (nickel pig iron, Class 2) is approximately $13,200/t equivalent. These are the two key price benchmarks. LME is the Class 1 exchange-traded price; NPI is the main Chinese domestic indicator. See the live charts above for current readings.

The March 8, 2022 spike to $101,365/t was a short squeeze, not a fundamental supply shortage. Tsingshan Holdings, the world's largest nickel producer, held a massive short position on the LME (estimated 150,000+ tonnes). When the nickel price rose due to Russia/Ukraine sanctions concerns, Tsingshan faced enormous margin calls. As it scrambled to cover, the price spiked exponentially. The LME controversially cancelled ~$3.9B in executed trades and halted the market for 8 days. The pre-squeeze fundamental price peak was approximately $28,400/t — a more realistic reflection of supply-demand conditions. The $101k figure should not be used as a reference price for fair-value analysis.

Class 1 nickel is high-purity (≥99.8% Ni) refined metal approved for delivery against LME contracts. It can be used in both stainless steel and EV battery applications. Sources: sulphide mining (Norilsk, Vale, Wyloo), MHP from HPAL processing. Class 2 is lower-grade products — NPI (nickel pig iron, 8–15% Ni) and ferronickel — used primarily in stainless steel but not LME-deliverable and not suitable for battery cathode precursors. The Class 1 premium over Class 2 (currently ~$2,300/t) reflects the battery and LME-specific demand for pure nickel.

NPI is a low-grade ferronickel alloy (8–15% nickel content) produced by smelting laterite ore in blast furnaces (RKEF — Rotary Kiln Electric Furnace process). It was pioneered in China as a cheap alternative to importing refined nickel for stainless steel production. Indonesia built massive RKEF capacity after its 2020 ore export ban, making NPI production in Indonesia (rather than importing ore to China for processing) the dominant supply route. NPI is Class 2 — it cannot be used for battery cathodes or delivered against LME contracts.

HPAL (High-Pressure Acid Leach) is a processing technology that treats limonite laterite ore with sulphuric acid under high pressure and temperature to extract nickel and cobalt. The output is MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate) — a Class 1 intermediate product that can be refined into nickel sulphate for EV battery cathodes. HPAL matters because it creates a Class 1 pathway from laterite ore (previously only yielding Class 2 NPI). Indonesia is building ~40 HPAL plants, which will dramatically increase Class 1 supply from Indonesian laterite, potentially narrowing the Class 1 premium and supplying battery demand from the world's largest laterite resource base.

Nickel is in significant surplus as of April 2026. The IEA estimates the 2024 surplus at approximately −250kt, narrowing to −180kt in 2025 and −120kt in 2026. The surplus is primarily driven by Indonesian NPI production growing faster than stainless and battery demand. The consensus of major institutions (IEA, BNEF, BMI, Wood Mackenzie) projects the surplus persisting through 2026–2027, with potential deficit emerging in 2028–2029 if Indonesian production growth slows and EV demand (particularly NMC) accelerates. This is a deeper and longer-duration surplus than lithium's, making the recovery timeline less clear.

Yes — significantly. LFP batteries contain zero nickel — the nickel battery chemistry threat is entirely from NMC/NCA displacement. NMC batteries contain 28–55 kg of nickel per EV depending on the specific chemistry. As LFP's share of EV battery production has risen from ~30% in 2020 to ~65% in 2024, the weighted average nickel content per EV has fallen sharply. Battery demand models published in 2021 assumed NMC would dominate, driving rapid nickel demand growth. The LFP shift has reduced the nickel demand growth forecast by approximately 35% vs those original models — a major contributor to the current surplus. If NMC 811 and ultra-high nickel chemistries gain share in premium long-range EVs, this headwind could partially reverse.

New Caledonia's nickel industry entered acute crisis in 2024–2025. Three major operations — SLN (Société Le Nickel), Koniambo Nickel, and Prony Resources — suspended operations or entered administration due to unsustainable costs at current LME prices. New Caledonia's laterite operations have AISC of approximately $14,000–$20,000/t — most of which is above the current $15,500 spot price. The closures collectively removed approximately 120–150kt of annual nickel production. This is the cost curve mechanism at work: high-cost operations cannot survive below their AISC for extended periods. The crisis was exacerbated by political unrest in 2024 that disrupted operations further.

LME nickel is approximately $7.03 per pound as of April 2026, based on LME official settlement of $15,500 per metric tonne ($15,500 ÷ 2,204.6 lb/t = $7.03/lb). The March 2022 short squeeze peak reached approximately $45.95/lb at the $101,365 intraday high. Use the calculator above to convert any LME price to per-lb, per-kg, or per-troy-oz equivalents.

Nickel uses span three major categories: (1) Stainless steel (~70%) — 300-series SS contains 8–14% nickel for corrosion resistance, used in kitchens, hospitals, construction, and industrial equipment; (2) EV batteries (~9%, growing) — NMC and NCA battery cathodes use nickel for energy density. NMC 811 has 80% nickel in the cathode; (3) Superalloys, plating, alloys (~21%) — jet engine components, gas turbines, electroplating. Without nickel, 300-series stainless steel does not exist, and high-energy EV batteries require it.

Options for US retail investors: (1) REMX ETF (VanEck Rare Earth/Strategic Metals, 0.53%/yr) — partial nickel exposure via critical minerals. No pure-play nickel ETF exists. (2) Vale (NYSE: VALE) — most accessible Class 1 nickel producer for US investors. (3) BHP (NYSE: BHP ADR) and Glencore (OTC: GLNCY) — nickel alongside other metals. (4) Junior miners (TSX.V: CNC, FPX, TLO) — high leverage to price recovery with development risk. No physical nickel market exists for retail investors. For more, see our Nickel 101 guide.

Institutional 2027 forecasts: IEA $16,000–$20,000/t, BNEF $15,500–$19,000/t, Benchmark Mineral Intelligence $16,500–$21,000/t, Wood Mackenzie $15,000–$18,000/t. Base case consensus ~$17,000–$19,000/t, assuming the surplus narrows through 2026–2027 and a deficit begins to emerge. Bull scenario: RKAB tightening + NMC recovery → $20,000+. Bear scenario: unchecked Indonesian growth + LFP dominance → range-bound $12,000–$15,000.

Chinese NPI (Nickel Pig Iron) is priced at approximately $13,200 per tonne Ni content as of April 2026 (SMM daily assessment). NPI is quoted in Chinese yuan per nickel unit on SHFE and converted to USD/t for comparison with LME. NPI is Class 2 — it cannot be delivered against LME contracts and is not suitable for EV battery precursors. The $2,300/t discount to LME reflects these limitations. NPI price is published by SMM (Shanghai Metals Market) daily at approximately 09:00 Beijing time.